#Circuit coder test 3

[makers-muse]

Is Your School in Thane Keeping Up with National STEM Education Standards? 

The Future of Education in Thane’s Classrooms 

At a bustling school in Thane, a group of students gathered around a 3D printer, excitedly watching as their design came to life. In another corner, young coders were programming robots to navigate obstacles, while a different group experimented with renewable energy models. These students weren’t just memorizing facts—they were actively building, experimenting, and solving problems. 

But here’s the big question: Is your school keeping pace with national STEM education standards? 

Why STEM Education is Crucial for Today’s Students 

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education is no longer an option—it’s a necessity. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 prioritizes skill-based learning, coding from an early age, and integrating technology into education. It emphasizes hands-on, experiential learning over rote memorization. 

Yet, many schools in Thane still follow traditional teaching methods, leaving students unprepared for future careers in AI, robotics, biotechnology, and other emerging fields. Without access to a STEM lab, students miss out on opportunities to develop problem-solving skills, creativity, and technical expertise—skills that top universities and employers seek. 

The Reality: Are Schools Meeting National STEM Standards? 

Many schools in Thane are yet to adopt full-fledged STEM programs. Common challenges include:  Lack of dedicated STEM labs with advanced equipment  Limited teacher training in STEM-based methodologies  Insufficient funding for STEM infrastructure  Lack of industry collaborations to provide real-world exposure 

According to a 2023 report by the Ministry of Education, only 42% of Indian schools have access to well-equipped STEM labs, despite government initiatives like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL). Schools without STEM resources risk falling behind in student academic performance and career readiness. 

Benefits of a STEM Lab: Why Your School Needs One 

A fully-equipped STEM lab is more than just a classroom—it’s a hub of innovation that fosters: 

 1. Practical Learning & Concept Mastery 

Instead of memorizing formulas, students can apply scientific principles through hands-on projects. This makes learning engaging, boosts retention, and enhances problem-solving skills. 

Example: Students don’t just learn about electricity—they build working circuits, design solar-powered devices, or create smart automation systems. 

 2. Improved Career Readiness 

STEM careers are growing at twice the rate of other fields. Schools with STEM labs better prepare students for: 

Engineering & Robotics 

Data Science & AI 

Biotechnology & Healthcare 

Cybersecurity & IT 

Early exposure gives students a competitive edge in college admissions and job markets. 

 3. Higher Student Engagement & Academic Success 

Studies show that active, hands-on learning improves student performance in math and science by 25% or more. Schools with STEM labs report higher engagement, fewer dropouts, and better standardized test scores. 

 4. Global Competitiveness & Industry Readiness 

Countries like the US, Germany, and China are heavily investing in STEM education. If Indian schools don’t keep up, students may struggle to compete internationally in tech-driven fields. 

 5. Encouraging Innovation & Entrepreneurship 

Many of India’s young entrepreneurs started with STEM-based projects. A STEM lab can spark creativity, leading students to develop apps, smart devices, or even launch startups. 

Steps to Implement a STEM Lab in Your School 

Step 1: Assess Your Current STEM Capabilities 

Do you have enough resources for hands-on science, coding, and robotics? 

Are your teachers trained to integrate STEM into the curriculum? 

Step 2: Secure Funding & Support 

Apply for government grants like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) under NITI Aayog. 

Seek Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding from companies supporting STEM education. 

Explore PPP (Public-Private Partnership) Models for resource-sharing. 

Offer STEM-based teacher training programs 

Collaborate with local tech companies, universities, and innovation hubs 

Take Action Now! Future-Proof Your School  

Is your school in Thane keeping up with India’s STEM education revolution? A well-equipped STEM lab is the key to higher student success, better university placements, and increased global competitiveness. 

[terridead]

Circuit coder test 3

#Circuit coder test 3 how to#

To check for power, you need to test the PNK wire of the engine wiring harness sensor connector. IMPORTANT: The pinout in the illustration above is of the connector on the oxygen sensor itself. Be careful and take all necessary safety precautions! If you raise your vehicle with a jack, place it on jack stands! To check for these 12 Volts, we need to do a simple multimeter voltage test.ĬAUTION: The oxygen sensor gets and stays very hot even after the engine is off! Perform this test with a completely cold engine. These 12 Volts are then fed to the rear O2 sensor thru' the pink ( PNK) wire of the engine wiring harness rear oxygen sensor connector. To reduce the testing time and addresses the problem related to high overhead, high fault coverage andincreased power dissipationmethod is used in system-on-chip (SoC). This challenge leads to higher computational complexity associated with the testing circuits. The rear oxygen sensor, on your 3.8L equipped car, gets power in the form of 12 Volts DC. The increasing test data volume is considered as a biggest challenge in circuit under test. TEST 1: Verifying The Heater Element Is Getting Power To test the oxygen sensor's heater, we need to know what wires feed it with power and Ground (since it's a 4-wire oxygen sensor).īelow, you'll find the color of the wires of the engine wiring harness oxygen sensor connector for the rear oxygen sensor: Downstream Oxygen Sensor Pinout Testing Trouble Code: P0135 (GM 3.8L 1997-2003) (at: ).Ĭircuit Descriptions Of The Downstream Oxygen Sensor.Testing Trouble Code: P0135 (GM 3.8L 1994-1996) (at: ). In this tutorial, we shall write a VHDL program to build 3×8 decoder and 8×3 encoder circuits, and verify the output waveform of the program (digital.Where To Buy The Oxygen Sensor And Save Some $$$.įRONT O2 SENSOR TESTS: For the front oxygen sensor heater tests, go here: Topics include soldering, PCB layout, basic microcontroller coding, 3D printing, use of basic test and measurement equipment, file management and version.TEST 3: Testing The Heater Element's Resistance.TEST 2: Verifying The Heater Element Is Getting Ground.TEST 1: Verifying The Heater Element Is Getting Power.Circuit Descriptions Of The Downstream Oxygen Sensor.Below are the contents of the testvectors.txt file. To create this file in Vivado you add it as a new simulation source file. I’ll put the input data in a file called testvectors.txt. It is study tool for university-level topics.Features:- 60 problems and more to come.- A natural progression, that will gradually introduce new topics.- Universal for iPhone/iPad.- 28 different components, including logic gates (OR, AND, NOR, etc.), flip-flops (SR, T, D, JK, master-slave) and more.- Almost all components can be built from scratch. reg 1:0 testdata 3:0 Now that we have a way to read in data we need some data to read. Are you ready to create a simple register or a bitshift operator?There are many difficult topics introduced in this game and you might have to complement the in-game information with information you find online. With a time aspect, you can store memory inside the circuit using flip-flops. After a while, the problems will become more challenging and a time aspect will be introduced. The game comes with 60 problems, everything from easy to really difficult.In the beginning, you are given simple problems, such as creating a circuit that will determine if a number is divisible by 4. Given a set of inputs your task is to produce a certain output, by embedding logic gates, flip-flops and various other components. The game comes with 60 problems, everything from easy to ? LAUNCHING PRICE: ONLY USD $0.99 ?Circuit Coder is a challenging game about building digital circuits.

#Circuit coder test 3 how to#

Its an easy way to start learning how to code and you get immediate feedback from the board. Given a set of inputs your task is to produce a certain output, by embedding logic gates, flip-flops and various other components. CircuitPython is designed with education in mind. Summary: ? LAUNCHING PRICE: ONLY USD $0.99 ?Circuit Coder is a challenging game about building digital circuits.

[mainssail]

Circuit coder test 3

Circuit coder test 3 install#

Circuit coder test 3 software#

Circuit coder test 3 code#

Circuit coder test 3 simulator#

Tests performed as required in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section shall. Almost all components can be built from scratch. Receptacles installed on 15- and 20-ampere branch circuits shall be of the. 32 different components, including logic gates (OR, AND, NOR, etc.), flip-flops (SR, T, D, JK, master-slave) and more. Sandbox levels, which feature interactive components, such as buttons and LEDs.

Circuit coder test 3 software#

An alternative to minicom is the daemon software GPSD. It is also one of the tools that we will use to test is our GPS module is working fine.

Circuit coder test 3 install#

A natural progression, that will gradually introduce new topics. Step5: Install Minicom and pynmea2: We will be minicom to connect to the GPS module and make sense of the data. Register now to compete with top developers worldwide, and win exciting. 60 problems and sandbox levels for aimless fun. Participate in monthly programming challenges, coding competitions, and hackathons. It is study tool for university-level topics. There are many difficult topics introduced in this game and you might have to complement the in-game information with information you find online. 11:52:36.67443 Transient exception while sending request.

Circuit coder test 3 code#

Running this code outputs the following: 11:52:36.66007 Transient exception while sending request. Are you ready to create a simple register or a bitshift operator? Code language: C (cs) This tells Polly to trip the circuit for 10 seconds when it sees three TransientExceptions in a row. With a time aspect, you can store memory inside the circuit using flip-flops. After a while, the problems will become more challenging and a time aspect will be introduced. In the beginning, you are given simple problems, such as creating a circuit that will determine if a number is divisible by 4. Connect the free end of one wire to the negative (-) end of one battery. (If you’re using foil, ask an adult to help you unscrew each screw enough to fit a foil strip under it.) 2. For a comprehensive practice test, covering both the AAPC CPC exam and the. The AHIMA exam has between 90 and 115 questions and must be completed in two hours. The AAPC medical coding exam has 150 multiple choice questions and five hours and forty minutes is given to complete the exam. The game also allows free circuit simulation as well, so that you can build whatever you want and interact with it through buttons and LEDs. Connect one end of each wire to the screws on the base of the light bulb holder. The medical coder exam must be passed to earn certificaiton. The game comes with 60 problems, everything from easy to really difficult. All testing has come back as expected for a Ring final that has been installed in 1.5/1mm and the measured Zs is well within max. It is RCD protected and OCPD is a 16a type B MCB. Given a set of inputs your task is to produce a certain output, by embedding logic gates, flip-flops and various other components. I have found a Ring Final Circuit that has been run in 1.5/1mm twin and earth.

Circuit coder test 3 simulator#

This is important, because if the test fails, it will tell you by default what the expected and actual values were, but that is often not enough information to quickly determine which row in the values array contained the data that failed.DetailsCircuit Coder is a challenging game and simulator for building digital circuits. The MicroPython pyboard is a compact electronic circuit board that runs.

Both tests include a formatted message for the Assert.AreEqual() method. Through the configured readback time dark test, short circuits (cross-circuits) to a. MicroPython is a lean and efficient implementation of the Python 3 programming.

So you can have multiple failures in your rows of data and if you are using a Red-Green-Refactor pattern without carefully scanning the data rows you will repeatedly fail and fix the test. Hence the graph is Eulerian and the answer is.

Like any other test with multiple Asserts, the first failed Assert will short circuit the rest of the test. Here you can have the path, 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 3 -> 0, which is using every edge of the graph.

Public void DivideTest ( int n, int d, int q )

[sciencespies]

The Ten Best STEM Toys to Give as Gifts in 2020

https://sciencespies.com/nature/the-ten-best-stem-toys-to-give-as-gifts-in-2020/

The Ten Best STEM Toys to Give as Gifts in 2020

In recent years, STEM-themed toys for all ages have flooded the market, making it a little overwhelming for people to choose the most skill-based gifts for the kids in their lives. But a team of engineers has come to the rescue with a recommendation of the most thoughtfully designed STEM-oriented products on the market.

Each year, Purdue University’s INSPIRE Research Institute for Pre-College Engineering turns into a toy testing laboratory as faculty and students run mounds of toys, books and games through their paces. The highest rated products earn a coveted spot on the institute’s annual Engineering Gift Guide, which is now in its seventh year.

“Play is one of the places where we can capture a kid’s imagination,” says Tamara Moore, a professor of engineering education and the executive director of INSPIRE. “For a child to get interested in potentially having a STEM career, you want [to] capture their imagination. Being able to have that freedom to play is really one incredibly important way for this to happen.”

The gifts usually go through a strenuous review process, which includes input from parents and kids that test out the toys. But because of the Covid-19 pandemic, the process looked different this year. It was spearheaded by a team of four undergraduate students that thoroughly inspected, played with and reviewed nearly 100 toys released in the last couple of years, Moore says.

The team looked for toys that embodied the hallmarks of engineering and fostered meaningful skills, like spatial reasoning, computational thinking, innovation and creativity. “And those skills start early,” Moore says. Well-designed toys can expand young learners’ minds and foster these skills throughout childhood development.

For Smithsonian readers, Moore and her team selected their ten favorite STEM gifts for 2020 spanning three different age groups.

0-4 Years

Weights Balance Game

This game comes with a wooden balance beam and a variety of blocks in different colors and sizes. The goal is to add blocks to the opposite sides of the scale without tipping it. The set also comes with a variety of cards that show the various ways the blocks can be positioned, helping kids learn how to follow a basic blueprint. By repositioning the blocks on different parts of the board, kids can develop spatial reasoning skills in an engaging, intuitive way. (Janod, $27.99)

Sweet Cocoon Stacking Stones

The 20 light, colorful wooden stones in this set come in a of number of sizes and odd shapes. Children are able to freely play with the stacking stones and build a variety of structures, from a simple tower to a more complex bridge. Moore says that the “stones are a perfect introductory toy for young children to explore engineering thinking and design,” while also improving their spatial reasoning and building skills. (Janod, $29.99)

My First Rush Hour

My First Rush Hour is a one-player maze game in which a child is tasked with navigating a little red car through traffic. Pick a challenge card out of the 30-card deck and then arrange the cars and trucks on the board to match the card. Then, the player has to drive the car around the other vehicles on the board and escape from rush hour. This game encourages spatial reasoning and problem-solving skills while fostering perseverance. (ThinkFun, $23.99)

5-7 Years

Addy-matic and the Toasterrific

This picture book by Curtis Mark Williams stars Addy, who is not a morning person. To avoid waking up early to make breakfast, she hatches a plan to toast her bread without having to get out of bed. To do so, Addy designs her very own Rube Goldberg machine—a complicated series of steps that accomplish a simple task—with items from around her house. It’s a captivating and fun story that centers around a hallmark of engineering: identifying a problem and solving it creatively. “It expresses the entire engineering process in a way young children can understand and relate to,” Moore says. (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, $9.99)

Gears! Gears! Gears! Robots in Motion

This 116-piece kit comes with gears, wheels, claws and axles for kids to build their own moving robots. The set comes with instructions to build three different robot models complete with working treads and spinning eyes, but kids can also get creative and build their own. Since this toy has lots of moving parts, they’ll have to figure out how to get the robot’s gears and wheels rotating, which introduces kids to basic physics concepts while improving their spatial reasoning skills. (Learning Resources, $39.99)

Design & Drill Space Circuits

Good circuit toys are hard to find, especially for young kids, but this one is a winner, Moore says. This kit comes with an instructional storybook that walks builders through assembling various circuits using a board, a battery pack, an electric screwdriver and other tools and explains the basics of electricity flow. By following the instructions and employing problem-solving skills, kids can complete 20 space-themed missions—from lighting up a rocket to throwing a party on the moon—outlined in the book. (Educational Insights, $49.99)

Ages 8+

(Potato Pirates)

Enter the Spudnet is a potato-themed board game that introduces kids to the world of cybersecurity and networking without even having them touch a computer. Players receive tasks that they must complete by moving their ships from warehouse to warehouse on the board while protecting their privacy and preventing opponents from attacking them. Cybersecurity is more important than ever, so it’s a socially relevant game, Moore says. It also builds skills in critical thinking, problem solving and design. Plus, it’s just good family fun. (Potato Pirates, $57)

Code Rocket

Code Rocket comes with a small, green microcontroller in the shape of a rocket that connects to a computer via a USB port. When users run the accompanying software, they’ll be coached through the basics of coding through fun tasks, like lighting up certain parts of the rocket, which start easy and get progressively more challenging as young coders develop their skills. Code Rocket uses C++, a common coding language in the engineering world, so it’s a great introductory tool, Moore says. (Let’s Start Coding, $44.99)

(WordStruct)

WordStruct is an engineer’s version of Scrabble. This word-building game comes with 100 letter tiles that players can arrange together to spell out words, but in a 3-D structure. The goal is for players to score the highest number of points by building the most complex crosswords they possibly can. Words can be arranged horizontally, vertically and diagonally, creating an extra level of complexity. This game promotes innovative thinking, spatial reasoning skills and perseverance as players are challenged to think both critically and creatively. (WordStruct, $24.99)

Best Overall STEM Toy

Gravitrax takes the beloved marble run to a new level. It comes with more than 150 pieces that include obstacles like trampolines, bridges, tiles and ziplines, allowing players to build elaborate routes for their marbles to roll down. Kids have the option to follow the layouts that come with the game or design their own. Players will engage spatial reasoning, trouble-shooting, and critical and creative thinking skills in a game that’s fun for adults too. Plus, Moore says this game encompasses several of the engineering skills that she looks for in a good toy, in that “it allows children to explore both through creating their own designs and following maps that have been made [to follow].” (Ravensburger, $129.99)

Having trouble seeing our list of STEM toys? Turn off your ad blocker and you’ll be all set.

By buying a product through these links, Smithsonian magazine may earn a commission. 100 percent of our proceeds go to supporting the Smithsonian Institution.

#Nature

[youarenolongermine]

Wie Erstellen Ihr Persönliche Crypto Currency In 4 Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde viel Radau über den boom erstellt durch die digital Währungen die der internet war überladen mit Informationen auf wie Sie können besser Geld von Kauf - solche Geldern. Aber haben Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool würde, wenn Sie können erstellen eigenen kryptogeld?

Nie Gedanken über diese, richtig? Es ist Zeit für Sie zu denken, weil in diese post wir gehen Angebot Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen kryptogeld. Lesen der Artikel, und, dann sehen ob Sie können sind sicherlich nicht es sich selbst oder nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, es gibt keine Notwendigkeit zu erstellen a community wie Sie tun, wenn Sie wollen Regel zwischenmenschlichen networking. Die match ist ein wenig anders hier. Sie möchten zu finden eine Gemeinschaft von Menschen dass Sie denken wird kaufen Geld.

Sobald Sie identifizieren eine Wohngebiet, es wird viel einfacher für Sie gerecht zu werden um die Ihre Anforderungen und daher du kann Arbeit in Gebäude a gut ausbalanciert kryptogeld im Gegensatz zu gehen haywire mit was du Wunsch zu erreichen.

Bedenken, Sie nicht hier, um Teil der Zuschauer Spiel Sie sind diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer möchte möchten in Geld Ihre Geld ist Ihrer besten Weg zu tun es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die neben wesentlichen Schritt ist code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise brauchen werden eine Expertin coder zu generieren eigenen crypto currency. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung auf dem Markt was du müssen verwenden.

Sie Mai gehen rechts weiter und mieten Profis die könnte die Arbeit zu erhalten erledigt für Sie persönlich. Jedoch, sobald die Codierung, haben merken one Sache offensichtlich kopieren wird nicht wahrscheinlich führen Sie überall.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit auf Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen dass bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden innovative genug generieren Wellen on das Markt. Diese kann sein der Grund nur kopieren code wird nicht genug werden ontop von dieser kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die neben, und, die wesentlichen Bewegung in der Methode wird zu finden einigen Miner an Bord who ' ll eigentlich mir Ihre eigenen crypto currency.

Dieser zeigt ist , dass die Sie müssen bis bekommen eine bestimmte set von Personen Zusammenhang mit Sie persönlich die können in der Tat 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld on das Branche. Sie wollen haben Einzelpersonen, die, die können sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit auf Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden innovative genug generieren Wellen in das Branche. Diese kann der Grund einfach kopieren code wird nicht ausreichend werden ontop von dieser crypto currency Spiel. hier Klicken: www.smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen für details.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die 3., und auch, die wesentlichen Phase in der procedure wird zu finden einigen Miner an Bord wer eigentlich mir Ihre crypto currency.

Dieser zeigt ist , dass die Sie wollen bis haben eine bestimmte paar von Personen Zusammenhang zusammen mit Sie die können in der Tat 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld on das Markt. Sie brauchen haben diejenigen, die in der Lage ist sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Wie können Sie beginnen mit dem diese? Die ideal Weg zu Werbung Ihre Münzen anfangs ist immer ermittelt die Interessenten Publikum die weiss, was crypto currency ist.

Schließlich es nicht Punkt in suchen, um Werbung Ihre Sachen, um Leute, die weiss, was crypto currency ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu wissen für Sie,, dann es ist Zeit, um produzieren a hey-Tag während die Sonne scheint von der crypto currency Nische. Gehen auf und planen den Aufbau Ihres kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und bestimmen, wie er arbeitet aus zum Sie!

[invisiblegirl-myworld]

Wie Machen Ihr Persönliche Kryptogeld In 4 Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde so viel Radau über den boom erzeugt durch die digital Währungen dass der world wide web war bombardiert mit Informationen auf wie Sie könnte verdienen mehr Geld von Kauf - solche Geldern. Aber bei Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool es würde, wenn Sie könnte erstellen eigenen kryptogeld?

Nie als diese, richtig? Es ist das Recht Zeit zu denken, da in diese post wir gehen Angebot Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen kryptogeld. Gehen der post, , dann sehen ob es ist möglich zu sind sicherlich nicht es für sich selbst oder vielleicht nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, es ist nicht zu konstruieren a community wie Sie tun, sobald Sie planen Regel gesellschaftlichen Medien-marketing. Die Spiel ist ein wenig anders hier. Sie möchten zu finden eine Gemeinschaft von Personen die Sie denken würde kaufen Währung. hier Klicken: smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen für mehr Informationen.

Sobald Sie identifizieren eine Wohngegend, es wird einfacher für Sie gerecht zu werden um die Ihre Bedürfnisse und aus diesem Grund du können Arbeit Richtung Gebäude a gut ausbalanciert kryptogeld statt gehen haywire in was du wollen zu verwirklichen.

Bedenken, Sie sind nicht hier, um Teil der Zuschauer Spiel Sie sind diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer möchte wollen in investieren Ihre Währung sein könnte Ihrer besten Methode todo es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die Sekunde entscheidend Schritt ist code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise brauchen werden ein Meister coder zu produzieren eigenen kryptogeld. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung draußen was du sollen nutzen.

Sie can gehen vor und mieten Profis die könnte die Arbeit machen für Sie. Aber wenn die Codierung, merken 1 Sache eklatant kopieren wird nicht wahrscheinlich führen Sie überall.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den diejenigen, die dass bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden innovative genug generieren Wellen in das Branche. Diese wirklich ist der Grund einfach replizieren code ist nicht genug werden ontop von dieser kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die neben, und auch, die wesentlichen Schritt in der Prozess wird zu finden einigen Miner bis zu Geschwindigkeit who ' ll eigentlich mir Ihre eigenen crypto currency.

Was diese zeigt ist Sie wollen bis haben eine bestimmte set von Personen Zusammenhang mit Sie persönlich die in der Lage ist 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung in das Markt. Sie haben haben Menschen, die sind in der Lage, um sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie möchten zu bringen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Währung zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen dass bereits existiert. Es hat werden innovative genug generieren Wellen in das Branche. Diese sein wird der Grund einfach kopieren code ist nicht ausreichend werden ontop von dieser kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die neben, und auch, die wesentlichen Aktion in der Methode wird zu finden ein paar Miner bis zu Geschwindigkeit wer mir Ihre eigenen crypto currency.

Dieser Mittel ist Sie müssen bis bekommen eine bestimmte set von Personen Zusammenhang mit Sie die sind in der Lage, um 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld in das Markt. Sie wollen haben Einzelpersonen, die, die in der Lage ist sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Wie können Sie Start mit dem Sie? Die ideal Lösung zu Werbung Ihre Münzen anfangs ist an spot die Interessenten Publikum die weiss, was crypto currency ist.

Schließlich es nicht Einsatz in wollen, um Promotion Ihre Sachen, um Menschen, die don ' T sogar wissen weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu Bewusstsein für Siepersönlich, dann nun ist die Zeit, um erzeugen a hey-Tag als die Sonne scheint von der kryptogeld Nische. Gehen auf und planen den Aufbau Ihres eigenen kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und finden, wie er dreht aus zum Sie!

[strangeasanjles]

Der Weg Erstellen Ihr Own Crypto Currency In 4 Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde so viel Radau über den boom gemacht durch die virtuelle Geldern dass der internet wurde bombardiert mit Informationen in Bezug auf was Sie könnte besser Geld von Investitionen in solche Geldern. Jedoch bei Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool würde, wenn Sie können machen eigenen crypto currency?

Nie Gedanken über Sie, richtig? Es ist Zeit für Sie zu denken, da diese informative article wir gehen Angebot Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen crypto-Währung. Gehen der post, , dann sehen ob Sie können haben es sich selbst oder vielleicht nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, es ist nicht notwendig zu erstellen a community wie Sie tun, wenn Sie planen Regel gesellschaftlichen Medien-marketing. Die match ist etwas anders hier. Sie möchten zu zu erhalten eine Gemeinschaft von Menschen die Sie denken könnte kaufen Geld-zurück -.

Sobald Sie identifizieren eine Wohngebiet, es bekommt viel einfacher für eine gerecht zu werden für die Ihre Bedürfnisse und aus diesem Grund du können Arbeit in Gebäude a zuverlässigen crypto currency statt gehen haywire mit was du Wunsch zu verwirklichen.

beachten Sie, Sie sind nicht hier, um ein Teil der Zuschauer sport Sie sind diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer möchte möchten in Geld Ihre Geld sein könnte Ihrer besten Methode zu tun es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die neben entscheidend Schritt wäre code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise brauchen werden ein Meister coder zu produzieren eigenen crypto currency. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung draußen was du sollen nutzen.

Sie can gehen vor und mieten Profis die kann die Arbeit zu erhalten erledigt für Sie. Aber wenn die Codierung, merken one Sache offensichtlich kopieren wird nicht gehen führen Sie überall.

Sie möchten zu bringen einige Einzigartigkeit auf Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den diejenigen, die die bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden advanced genug erzeugen Wellen on das Branche. Diese kann sein der Grund einfach replizieren code ist nicht ausreichend werden on top von der kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die Dritte, und, die wesentlichen phase in der Vorgehen wird zu bekommen einigen Miner an Bord who ' ll eigentlich mir Ihre eigenen crypto currency.

Was diese Mittel ist Sie müssen bis haben eine bestimmte Gruppe von Personen Zusammenhang mit Sie persönlich die sind in der Lage, um in der Tat 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung on das Markt. Sie haben haben Einzelpersonen, die, die können sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie müssen zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den diejenigen, die dass bereits existiert. Es hat werden innovative genug erstellen Wellen in das Markt. Diese kann sein der Grund nur kopieren code wird nicht ausreichend werden on top von der crypto currency Spiel. laufen: smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen für mehr Informationen.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die Dritte, und auch, die wesentlichen Aktion in der Methode wird zu bekommen einigen Miner an Bord who ' ll eigentlich mir Ihre kryptogeld.

Was diese Mittel ist Sie wollen bis bekommen eine bestimmte Gruppe von Männer und Frauen Zusammenhang mit Sie persönlich die können 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld on das Branche. Sie brauchen haben Menschen, die können sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Wie werden Sie start mit dem diese? Die ideal Weg zu Promotion Ihre Münzen ist immer ermittelt die Publikum die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Schließlich es nicht Einsatz in wollen, um Werbung Ihre Sachen, um Menschen, die don ' T sogar wissen weiss, was crypto currency ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu Bewusstsein für Sie,, dann nun ist die Zeit, um machen a hey Tag während die Sonne scheint in der kryptogeld Nische. Gehen auf und planen den Aufbau Ihres kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und finden, wie er dreht aus auf Sie!

[infested-imagination]

Wie Machen Ihr Own Crypto Currency In 4 Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde so viel Radau über den boom gemacht durch die digital Geldern die der world wide web wurde überladen mit Informationen auf was Sie könnte besser Geld von Kauf - diese Geldern. Jedoch haben Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool würde, wenn Sie könnte machen eigenen crypto currency?

Nie Gedanken über Sie, richtig? Es ist Zeit zu denken, weil in diese post wir gehen bieten Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen crypto currency. Lesen der Artikel, , dann sehen ob Sie können führen es für sich selbst oder nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, Sie nicht zu erstellen a Wohngegend wie Sie tun, sobald Sie planen Regel sozialen Medien. Die Spiel ist ein wenig anders hier. Sie müssen zu zu erhalten eine Gemeinschaft von Personen die Sie denken wird kaufen Geld-zurück -. Sie erhalten mehr Informationen auf kryptogeld von Besuch smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen site.

Sobald Sie bestimmen eine Wohngebiet, es wird viel einfacher für Sie gerecht zu werden um die Ihre Anforderungen und aus diesem Grund du könnte Arbeit in Gebäude a zuverlässigen crypto currency statt gehen haywire mit was du würde gerne zu erreichen.

beachten Sie, Sie nicht hier, um Teil der Zuschauer Spiel Sie sind diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer würde wollen in Geld Ihre Währung kann die ideal Weg zu tun es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die Sekunde wesentlichen Schritt wäre code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise brauchen werden eine Expertin coder zu erstellen eigenen kryptogeld. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung draußen was du müssen verwenden.

Sie can auch gehen vor und mieten Profis die könnte die Arbeit machen für Sie. Aber wenn die Codierung, merken 1 Sache eindeutig kopieren ist nicht gehen führen Sie überall.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Währung zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die bereits existiert. Es hat werden advanced genug erzeugen Wellen in das Markt. Diese kann sein der Grund einfach replizieren code wird nicht ausreichend werden ontop von der crypto currency Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die 3., und auch, die wesentlichen phase in der Methode wird zu finden einigen Miner an Bord wer eigentlich mir Ihre crypto currency.

Dieser Mittel ist Sie müssen bis bekommen eine bestimmte paar von Männer und Frauen Zusammenhang mit Sie persönlich die sind in der Lage, um 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung on das Markt. Sie haben haben Menschen, die sind in der Lage, um sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie müssen zu bringen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Währung zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die existiert. Es benötigt werden innovative genug generieren Wellen in das Branche. Diese kann der Grund nur replizieren code wird nicht genug werden on top von der kryptogeld handel Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die neben, und auch, die wichtigsten Schritt in der Vorgehen wird zu bekommen einigen Miner an Bord who ' ll mir Ihre kryptogeld.

Dieser zeigt ist Sie wollen bis bekommen eine bestimmte paar von Männer und Frauen Zusammenhang mit Sie die in der Lage ist tatsächlich 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld on das Markt. Sie haben haben Einzelpersonen, die, die sind in der Lage, um sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Wie werden Sie beginnen mit dem Sie? Die ideal Lösung zu Werbung Ihre Münzen ist an spot die target Publikum die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Nach allem es nicht Punkt in versuchen, um Promotion Ihre Sachen, um Leute, die don ' T sogar wissen weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu wissen für Siepersönlich, dann es ist Zeit, um machen a Blütezeit als die Sonne scheint in der crypto currency Nische. Gehen vor und planen den Aufbau Ihres kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und finden, wie er arbeitet aus zum Sie!

[regular-gnoll-regular-gnoll]

Der Weg Erstellen Ihr Own Crypto Currency In 4 Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde so viel Radau über den boom gemacht durch die digital Geldern dass der web wurde bombardiert mit Ratschlägen in Bezug auf was Sie könnte besser Geld von Kauf - diese Währungen. Aber bei Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool würde, wenn Sie könnte machen eigenen crypto currency?

Nie als Sie, richtig? Es ist Zeit für Sie zu denken, da diese informative article wir gehen bieten Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen crypto-Währung. Lesen der Artikel, und, dann sehen wenn Sie können sind sicherlich nicht es sich selbst oder nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, es ist nicht zu erstellen a community wie Sie tun, sobald Sie wollen Regel zwischenmenschlichen Medien. Die Spiel ist etwas anders hier. Sie möchten zu finden eine Gemeinschaft von Menschen dass Sie denken wird kaufen Währung.

Sobald Sie identifizieren eine community, es bekommt einfacher für eine gerecht zu werden für die Ihre Anforderungen und aus diesem Grund du können Arbeit Richtung Gebäude a zuverlässigen crypto currency statt gehen Heu Draht mit was du möchten zu verwirklichen.

Bedenken, Sie sind nicht hier, um ein Teil der Zuschauer Spiel Sie brauchen diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer möchte möchten in investieren Ihre Geld sein könnte die besten Weg todo es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die neben wesentlichen Schritt ist code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise müssen werden eine Expertin coder zu generieren eigenen crypto currency. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung draußen was du sollen verwenden.

Sie Mai auch gehen auf und mieten Profis die können die Arbeit zu erhalten erledigt für Sie persönlich. Jedoch, sobald die Codierung, merken 1 Sache eklatant kopieren wird nicht gehen führen Sie überall.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit auf Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die existiert. Es benötigt werden advanced genug erstellen Wellen in das Markt. Diese kann sein der wichtiger Grund einfach replizieren code wird nicht ausreichend werden on top von dieser kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die Dritte, und auch, die wesentlichen phase in der Methode wird zu finden einigen Miner on board wer mir Ihre crypto currency.

Was diese Mittel ist Sie müssen bis haben eine bestimmte paar von Männer und Frauen Zusammenhang zusammen mit Sie die können tatsächlich 'spread the word' über Ihre Geld in das Branche. Sie brauchen haben diejenigen, die können sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie möchten zu ziehen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den diejenigen, die die bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden advanced genug generieren Wellen in das Branche. Diese wirklich ist der wichtiger Grund nur kopieren code ist nicht ausreichend werden on top von dieser crypto currency Spiel. Sie kann bekommen weitere Informationen über kryptogeld von browsing smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen site.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die 3., und auch, die wesentlichen Phase in der Prozess wird zu finden ein paar Miner an Bord wer mir Ihre eigenen kryptogeld.

Dieser Mittel ist Sie müssen bis haben eine bestimmte set von Personen Zusammenhang mit Sie die können 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung on das Markt. Sie brauchen haben Menschen, die können sensibilisieren, über Ihre Geld.

Wie können Sie beginnen mit dem Sie? Die besten Weg zu Werbung Ihre Münzen ist immer spot die target Publikum die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Schließlich es nicht Einsatz in versuchen, um Werbung Ihre Sachen, um Einzelpersonen, die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu wissen für Siepersönlich, dann nun ist die Zeit, um produzieren a hey-Tag als die Sonne scheint in der crypto currency Nische. Gehen auf und planen den Aufbau Ihres kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und finden, wie er dreht aus auf Sie!

[cadenzavnas]

Wie Erstellen Ihr Persönliche Kryptogeld In Four Einfache Schritte

Genug, es ist wurde so viel Radau über den boom erzeugt durch die digital Währungen dass der internet war bombardiert mit Ratschlägen auf wie Sie könnte besser Geld von Investitionen in solche Währungen. Jedoch haben Sie jemals daran gedacht, wie cool es würde, wenn Sie können machen eigenen kryptogeld?

Nie als diese, richtig? Es ist Zeit zu denken, weil in diese informative article wir gehen geben Sie ein vier-Schritt Anleitung, machen eigenen crypto currency. Lesen der post, , dann sehen wenn Sie können führen es für sich selbst oder vielleicht nicht!

Schritt 1 - Community:

Nein, Sie nicht zu konstruieren a Wohngegend wie Sie tun, wenn Sie planen Regel zwischenmenschlichen Medien-marketing. Die Spiel ist ein wenig anders hier. Sie möchten zu zu erhalten eine Gemeinschaft von Personen dass Sie denken würde kaufen Geld. Besuchen Sie diesen link: https://www.smore.com/mq7av-bitcoin-circuit-test-erfahrungen für details.

Sobald Sie identifizieren eine Wohngegend, es bekommt viel einfacher für Sie gerecht zu werden um die Ihre Anforderungen und damit du kann Arbeit Richtung Gebäude a stabil kryptogeld statt gehen haywire in was du Wunsch zu erreichen.

Merken, Sie nicht hier, um ein Teil der Zuschauer sport Sie brauchen diese zu gewinnen. Und mit eine Gemeinschaft von Männer und Frauen wer möchte möchten in investieren Ihre Geld sein könnte die besten Weg todo es!

Schritt 2 - Code:

Die neben wesentlichen Schritt wäre code. Sie nicht notwendigerweise müssen werden eine Expertin coder zu generieren eigenen kryptogeld. Es gibt viel von open-source-codes zur Verfügung auf dem Markt was du können verwenden.

Sie can gehen vor und mieten Profis die kann die Arbeit machen für Sie persönlich. Aber wenn die Codierung, haben merken one Sache eklatant kopieren ist nicht gehen führen Sie überall.

Sie müssen zu bringen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die bereits existiert. Es benötigt werden advanced genug erzeugen Wellen on das Branche. Diese könnte sein, der Grund einfach kopieren code ist nicht genug werden ontop von dieser crypto currency Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die neben, und, die wichtigsten Bewegung in der Vorgehen wird zu bekommen einigen Miner an Bord who ' ll mir Ihre eigenen crypto currency.

Dieser Mittel ist Sie brauchen bis haben eine bestimmte Gruppe von Personen Zusammenhang zusammen mit Sie die sind in der Lage, um tatsächlich 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung in das Branche. Sie wollen haben Menschen, die sind in der Lage, um sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Sie müssen zu bringen einige Einzigartigkeit in Ihre Geld zur Unterscheidung von den Menschen die existiert. Es benötigt werden advanced genug erstellen Wellen in das Markt. Diese könnte sein, der Grund nur replizieren code wird nicht ausreichend werden ontop von der kryptogeld Spiel.

Schritt 3 - Bergleute:

Die Dritte, und, die wesentlichen phase in der Vorgehen wird zu bekommen einigen Miner an Bord wer mir Ihre crypto currency.

Dieser zeigt ist Sie müssen bis bekommen eine bestimmte set von Menschen Zusammenhang zusammen mit Sie persönlich die können in der Tat 'spread the word' über Ihre Währung in das Markt. Sie haben haben diejenigen, die in der Lage ist sensibilisieren, über Ihre Währung.

Wie können Sie beginnen mit dem Sie? Die ideal Lösung zu Markt Ihre Münzen ist immer spot die Publikum die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Schließlich es nicht Einsatz in suchen, um Werbung Ihre Sachen, um Menschen, die weiss, was kryptogeld ist.

Fazit

Wenn Sie haben Sie zu Bewusstsein für Sie,, dann nun ist die Zeit, um produzieren a Blütezeit während die Sonne scheint von der crypto currency Nische. Gehen auf und planen den Aufbau Ihres eigenen kryptogeld durch die folgenden einfach Schritte und bestimmen, wie er arbeitet aus zum Sie!

[theouterspaceplace]

WIP the Tipping Point  chap 4 The LaTrobe Effect on Synthetics

There were about ten things Tex Rex wanted to focus on when he got back from Europe. Some of them seemed simple , like the equation for how to reverse engineer the pull of gravity into an energy field that pushed up in equal proportion to the downward pull. Essentially building a hover craft but one that did not need a motor and fan for lift. Others were a little more complicated such as using the SpaceTime Continuumm conumdrum into a useful tool in Space travel

. We had now colonized all the local planets in our solar system. Well the ones with solid ground to stand on, We also had outposts on the moons of the planets. The biggest outpost was on Ganemede of Jupiter, they had turned about 1/3 of that moon into a giant InterStellar Space Shipyard, Spaceport and Warehousing Facility. Ganemede had a low gravity field but enough of one so tools and parts did not float off into space. The first ship was nearing its completion and was simply huge . Way to large to build on earth. you could fit ten aircraft carriers in the ships hold alone. And there were living quarters and shops, bars, stores, well everything you would find in a small city. The ship ,when complete would hold 100,000 people and all the equipment they thought necessary to colonize a new planet. They had picked three possible planets located in our own galaxy but not in our solar system. This would be the first inter stellar transport ship ever built. they had started twenty years ago with 5000 robots to build housing quarters suitable for the construction workers and all the support staff they needed. That alone took almost four years to complete

. The space port and warehousing facilities were still works in progress. The current plan was to finish the space port so they would have a place to land the 3.5 kilometer space ship during its fitting out. They hoped to begin the fitting out project of the Enterprise in the next six weeks. Little did they know how vital this ship would be. The fitting out project was similar to the fitting out of a large ship back on Earth. Some short hops around our solar system to test the systems. A couple of days back on Ganemede and then one a bit longer say around the Sun and back. Fix the bugs and little problems that they had found. And then a longer one of approximately a month out and a month back. This would be the first time a human left the solar system. Upon return they would test all the systems and fix any additional problems they had found. Then came load out. The suppldies for this ships journey would be supplies for a year fof aproximately 90,000 humans and 45,000 synthetics. (the term Robot had lost its flavor about thirty years ago and “Synthetics” was a way of dignifying the non-human androids)The other 10,000 humans were the crew who would then turn the ship around  around and come back to Ganemede.

It wasn't long after the first truly AI system was built that the androids started to develop distinct personalities. Nobody really could explain why or how this happened in the Synthetics but if you had two synthetics built with identical parts in the same factory on the same day by the same crew they woud develop remarkably different personality traits. they had brought in programmers, software engineers, coders, security personnel, medical doctors, nurses scientist and even a biologist. It came as a surprise when a simple animal psychologist and a new Mathemeticain produced the first theorem for this spontaneous phenomenon.

Well first off, it wasn't spontaneous  and it had to do with the speed of the processors, (extremely fast and powerful processors) than the programs that ran on it. Every electrical plug . processor, connector, switch, circuit, relay and chip has a fault tolerance level. Based on a mathematical equation the statistical sample of data showed a difference although an infintly small number it was not zero. So these variations were the source of the behavioral patterns. This is why personality traits were happening, the fault tolerance was not set to zero. It never is because well that could very well be impossible. And that made personalities inevitable. Even a wire a 5mm longer than than its brother or sister's droid, will change the fault tolerance enough over time to make a noticeable difference. Even one inconsequential fault level set so low as to not being noticed was enough. The phenomenon became larger the longer time went on. The computer processors were so fast that even though there was only one fault per 85,000 trillion calculations the processor hit the fault at least 10 times a week. These faults also varied in size shape and form and so did the unique character traits of our synthetics. The animal psychologist that "discovered" the  anomaly was none other than Suzanne LaTrobe. Suzanne was the shrink they brought in to work with TexRex when he had first stated he wanted to teach a class. She tried to downplay her role in the theory but TexRex explained he could not handle any more press or media attention this decade so Suzanne caved in and the Theory was now being called the LaTrobe Effect on Synthetics.

[settorezero]

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Giovanni (Gianni) Bernardo (@cyb3rn0id)

Found this old 7-Segment led display - 3 Digits in a drawer. Made by 'OHO Elektronik'. It has 3 74HC595 on board so you need only 3 pins for driving it: data, clock and latch. I made a quick sketch with #arduino for testing it. . . . . . . . . . . . #electronic #engineering #embeddedsystems #maker #coder #coding #programmer #programming #display #iot #led #numbers #countdown #circuit #electronics #diy #timer #embeddedelectronics #atmel https://www.instagram.com/p/B8M5WzSo2bi/?igshid=1vlheedl6cv2l

[soukacatv]

MPEG Audio FAQ: Overview of MPEG-2 and the applications of MPEG-2 audio | Soukacatv.com

MPEG Audio FAQ

MPEG-2: coded transmission/storage of sampled sound waves

Overview of MPEG-2

What does MPEG-2 audio standardize (in comparison to MPEG-1)?

The first phase, MPEG-1, was dealing with mono and two-channel stereo sound coding, at sampling frequencies commonly used for high quality audio (48, 44.1 and 32 kHz).

The second phase, MPEG-2, contained three different work items:

The extension of MPEG-1 to lower sampling frequencies (16 kHz, 22.05 kHz and 24 kHz), providing better sound quality at very low bit rates (below 64 Kbit/s for a mono channel). This extension is easily added to a MPEG-1 audio decoder because it mainly implies inclusion of some more tables.

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The backward-compatible extension of MPEG-1 to multichannel sound. MPEG-2 BC supports up to 5 full bandwidth channels plus one low frequency enhancement channel (such an ensemble of channels is referred to as '5.1'). This multichannel extension is both forward and backward compatible with MPEG-1. An MPEG-2 BC stream adheres to the structure of an MPEG-1-bit stream such that an MPEG-2 BC stream can be read and interpreted by an MPEG-1 audio decoder.

a new coding scheme called "Advanced Audio Coding" (AAC). An AAC bit stream is not backward compatible, i.e. cannot be read and interpreted by an MPEG-1 audio decoder.

Both MPEG-1 and the first two work items of MPEG-2 have the three-layer structure. The original MPEG-2 audio standard contained only the first work items and was finalized in 1994. In order to improve coding efficiency for the 5-channel case, a non-backward-compatible audio coding scheme was defined (AAC) and finalized in 1997.

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What are the applications of MPEG-2 audio (in comparison to MPEG-1)?

The main application area of MPEG-2 is digital television. It produces the video quality needed in HDTV. MPEG-2 audio supports the same applications as MPEG-1 (see the question on typical applications of MPEG-1), extending the MPEG-1 audio capabilities to applications that require very low bitrates and to applications that require more than two channels (e.g. for professional sound or for multi-lingual channels).

MPEG-2 language and abbreviations

What do the abbreviations used within MPEG-2 audio stand for?

AAC = Advanced Audio Coding

BC = Backward Compatible

LFE = Low Frequency Extension

NBC = Non Backward Compatible

LC = Low Complexity profile

SSR = Scalable Sampling Rate profile

ADIF = Audio Data Interchange Format

ADTS = Audio Data Transport Stream

What is a profile in MPEG-2 AAC?

MPEG-2 AAC comes in 3 different "flavors", called profiles, which are coder configurations with different complexity and performance. They are derived from each other by different parametrization of certain algorithmic parts of the AAC coder.

What is MPEG-2.5?

MPEG-2.5 is the name of an extension to MPEG-1/2 Layer III which is proprietary to the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (FhG IIS), Germany. It enables coding at even lower sampling frequencies (8 kHz, 11.025 kHz, and 12 kHz).

Technicalities of MPEG-2

What does the compatibility in MPEG-2 BC multichannel mean?

The core of the MPEG-2-bit stream is an MPEG-1-bit stream. This enables fully compatible decoding with an MPEG-1 decoder. In addition, the need to transfer two separate bit streams, called simulcast (one for two-channel stereo and another one for the multichannel audio programme) is avoided, at some cost in coding efficiency for the multichannel audio signal, compared to AAC which is a Non Backward Compatible (NBC) coding algorithm.

How will an MPEG-1 decoder get information from all channels when receiving an MPEG-2 BC audio bit stream?

An MPEG-1 decoder will be supplied with an appropriate two-channel down mix of all the channels in the multichannel ensemble, contained in the MPEG-1 core of the MPEG-2 bit stream. The left and right channel of the down mix together contain components of all the channels, according to the equations in the compatibility matrix.

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Do I have to use MPEG-1 audio with MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-2 Audio BC with MPEG-2 Video?

No, due to the compatibility, MPEG-2 BC audio can be used with MPEG-1 Video as well. The other way around, MPEG-1 Audio can be used with MPEG-2 Video without any restrictions. Any combinations of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC Audio and Video can be handled by the system as specified by the MPEG-Systems standard ISO/IEC 11172-1 for MPEG-1 and ISO/IEC 13818-3 for MPEG-2.

I heard that a Second Edition of MPEG-2 BC has been approved. What are the reasons behind this revision?

While implementing the MPEG-2 Audio standard, as published in 1995, it was discovered that a certain combination of functionalities could not function properly. Although this combination was not considered to be of great practical importance, it was felt necessary to correct the standard in this respect. Since this necessitated a revision of the document, the opportunity was then taken to improve the standard in some other fields as well.

The technical changes in the Second Edition compared to the first publication of ISO/IEC 13818-3 (1995) are:

In the first publication, certain combinations of dynamic crosstalk and prediction were not prohibited but not practically implementable. In the Second Edition, these combinations are explicitly prohibited.

In the first publication, a low-pass filter was to be applied to the monophonic surround signal in matrix mode 2 (analogue surround mode). This filter is omitted in the Second Edition, greatly simplifying the decoder and improving coding efficiency.

The description of the syntax of the LFE channel was ambiguous. This description has been clarified.

In addition to these technical changes, many editorial changes have been made, improving readability and clarity. Also, an amendment concerning copyright registration has been incorporated in the standard.

What are the impacts of the technical changes in the revision to the Technical Report and Conformance documents?

There are no impacts on the Conformance document. There is only a minor impact on the Technical Report: one possible embodiment of a low pass filter was implemented in the Technical Report. This filter has to be removed and the dematrix operations adapted. An amendment to the Technical Report was prepared.

What is MPEG-2 AAC?

The MPEG-2 AAC standard is a new, state of the art audio standard that provides very high audio quality at a rate of 64 kb/s/channel for multichannel operation. It provides a capability of up to 48 main audio channels, 16 low frequency effects channels, 16 overdub/multilingual channels, and 16 data streams. Up to 16 programs can be described, each consisting of any number of the audio and data elements. AAC adheres to the same basic coding paradigm as MPEG-1/2 Layer-3, but adds new coding tools and improves on details. Some of the improvements implemented by AAC are a filter bank with a higher frequency resolution, better entropy coding and better stereo coding. Two new coding tools are an optional backward prediction (used only in the Main Profile) and noise shaping in the time domain which mainly improves quality of encoded speech at low bit-rates. As a result, AAC is approximately 30% more-bit rate efficient than MPEG-1 Layer 3.

What profiles are standardized for MPEG-2 AAC?

There are three profiles for the AAC standard, called Main Profile, Low Complexity Profile, and Scalable Sampling Rate Profile. The Main profile is intended for use when processing power, and especially memory, are not at a premium. The Low Complexity profile is intended for use when cycles and memory use are constrained, and the SSR profile when a scalable decoder is required. The Main and LC profiles have been tested at 320 kb/s for 5-channel audio programmes, and both have demonstrated better quality than competing audio coding algorithms running at 640 kb/s for the 5-channel program.

I heard that a Corrigendum of MPEG-2 AAC has been approved. What are the reasons behind this revision and what are the the technical changes?

After issuing the basic MPEG-2 AAC standard in 1997, a so-called corrigendum was issued which addresses some minor glitches in the standards text without jeopardizing compatibility. The most important content of the corrigendum is the introduction of a transmission format for Dynamic Range Control (DRC) which allows the listener to adapt the dynamic range of the sound playback to the capabilities and restrictions of the reproduction system. Again, the transmission of the DRC data was defined in a way which is compatible with the original bit stream format.

Is the AAC transport format similar to MPEG-1?

Each layer in MPEG-1 standardizes its format for the bit stream containing the encoded sound data. All three have the same basic layout, consisting of a sequence of audio frames with a header and sound data. The frame rate is constant.

MPEG-2 AAC on the contrary leaves the choice of audio transport syntax to the application, standardizing only the format of the encoded audio data. In addition, two typical examples of transport syntax have also been standardized:

ADIF = Audio Data Interchange Format

The audio bit stream contains one single header with all information necessary to control the decoder such as the bitrate, the sampling frequency or the stereo mode. The main application of ADIF is exchange of audio files.

ADTS = Audio Data Transport Stream

The audio bit stream consists of a sequence of frames with headers similar to MPEG-1 audio frame headers. The encoded audio data of one frame is always contained between two sync words. The number of bits in a frame however can be variable.

Is stream splicing or "break-in" supported in MPEG-2 AAC?

When using ADIF as transport syntax for the MPEG-2 AAC stream, "break-in" - i.e. start of decoding at any bit position - is not possible because there is no sync word to synchronize with the beginning of the audio frames. When using ADTS as transport syntax, break-in is enabled. The complexity of break-in support depends on the profile.

In MPEG-2 AAC Low Complexity and MPEG-2 AAC SSR modes, the prediction tools are not used, so break-in support is the same as that for MPEG-1 audio. For MPEG-2 AAC Main Profile, when prediction is enabled, break-ins are more tricky, as break-ins can only occur when there is a predictor reset across all frequency bands. This only happens in case of "attacks" when the bit stream switches from long to short windows, so the easiest way to break in a Main Profile bit stream is to start with a short block. For long windows the predictors are reset in a frequency-cyclic way, which may require up to 240 frames before all predictors are reset. So if you break in with long windows, some distortions might appear in the first few frames. The encoder can be set-up to reset the predictors more frequently which reduces the required number of frames needed before all predictors are reset.

Implementing MPEG-2 audio software

Is there any reference software for MPEG-2 AAC?

Yes. There is reference software for both an AAC example encoder and reference decoder.

The decoder source is complete and fully compliant and is capable of decoding all three AAC profiles: Main, Low Complexity and scalable Sampling Rate. It is a general multi-channel decoder capable of decoding up to 48 audio channels, 15 auxiliary low frequency enhancement channels and 15 data streams. Furthermore, it is quite efficient in that the compiled reference source coder decodes a stereo bit stream in real-time on a 100 MHz Pentium.

The encoder software supports multi-channel encoding, implementing essentially all of the AAC coding tools. As usual, the encoder code is designed to demonstrate how to generate compliant AAC bit streams rather than achieving optimum audio quality.

Where can I find the MPEG-2 AAC encoder reference software sources?

There is no public MPEG-2 AAC encoder reference source from MPEG. When purchasing the standard, you will get access to the MPEG reference software source for encoder and decoder. However, the encoder will not be optimized for quality or speed. To get state-of-the-art encoder source, you need to contact one of the companies which works on AAC.

Market position

How many MPEG-2 AAC Audio encoders and decoders are already in the market-place?

Since many of the services based on MPEG-2 AAC are currently in their introductory phase into the market, numbers are changing constantly. Main areas of application are

Internet Audio

Audio for digital television and radio (both AM and FM radio successors)

Portable playback devices

A current estimation amounts to several million decoders (both software and hardware-based) and a lower number of encoders.

What are the chances of AAC replacing MP3?

MP3 is the current choice for near-CD quality digital audio. However, AAC is its designated successor as it is able to provide the same sound quality with a larger compression rate. In addition, it enables higher quality encoding and playback for high definition audio (at 96 kHz sampling rate). So AAC is the most promising candidate e.g. for new portable playback devices using solid state memory.

Relation to other standards / methods

Why should I use MPEG-2 AAC rather than Dolby AC-3?

AAC is a state-of-the-art audio compression algorithm that provides compression superior to that provided by older algorithms such as AC-3. AAC and AC-3 are both transform coders, but AAC uses a filter bank with a finer frequency resolution that enables superior signal compression. AAC also uses a number of new tools such as temporal noise shaping, backward adaptive linear prediction, joint stereo coding techniques and Huffman coding of quantized components, each of which provide additional audio compression capability. Furthermore, AAC is much more flexible than AC-3, in that AAC supports a wide range of sampling rates and bitrates, from one to 48 audio channels, up to 15 low frequency enhancement channels, Multilanguage capability and up to 15 embedded data streams.

When should I use AAC rather than MPEG-2 BC?

Both provide 5-channel audio coding capability, however AAC provides a factor of two better audio compression relative to MPEG-2 BC, and is appropriate in all situations in which backward compatibility is not required or can be accomplished with simulcast. An MPEG-1 two channel decoder can decode an MPEG-2 BC 5-channel bit stream. AAC has no such backward compatibility requirement and, for 5-channel audio signals, has been shown in MPEG formal listening tests to provide slightly better audio quality at 320 kb/s than MPEG-2 BC can provide at 640 kb/s.

I have heard about Lucent Technologies' Perceptual Audio Coder (PAC). How does it compare to MPEG-2 AAC?

AAC and PAC are similar audio coding technologies. However, AAC has a number of new coding tools, such as Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS), that permits AAC to offer performance superior to that of PAC. This was shown in an independent and impartial test conducted by the Communications Research Centre (G. Soulodre, T. Grusec, M. Lavoie and L. Thibault, "Subjective Evaluation of State-of-the-Art 2-Channel Audio Codecs," Journal of the Audio Engineering Soc., Mar., 1998, pp. 164-177). This test showed that when coding stereo signals, the quality of AAC at 96 kb/s was comparable to the quality of PAC at 128 kb/s and that AAC at 128 kb/s was significantly better than PAC at 160 kb/s.

There is another test, conducted by Moulton Laboratories, that claims to compare PAC and AAC. However, the system claimed to be AAC was not the same coding system tested by the Communications Research Centre, and did not use a state-of-the-art AAC encoder. Therefore, the results of this test do not indicate the actual performance of a commercial AAC system.

Established in 2000, the Soukacatv.com main products are modulators both in analog and digital ones, amplifier and combiner. We are the very first one in manufacturing the headend system in China. Our 16 in 1 and 24 in 1 now are the most popular products all over the world.

For more, please access to https://www.soukacatv.com.

CONTACT US

Company: Dingshengwei Electronics Co., Ltd

Address: Bldg A, the first industry park of Guanlong, Xili Town, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Tel: +86 0755 26909863

Fax: +86 0755 26984949

Mobile: 13410066011

Email: ken@soukacatv.com

Source: sound.media.mit.edu

[kasawi1]

A Short Outline About CCS Exam Prep

By Kathleen Evans

Things get particularly intense for some once they are approached to review or apply the material rapidly on the CCS exam, and many come up short on schedule or scarcely have adequate time to finish the test. At the point when the rules reflect rather, this would be one noteworthy region of worry for coders getting ready to take CCS exam prep. Be it may, this ought not to be a deflecting factor into taking the trial, coding specialist state. This includes elevated boss trust in aptitudes and information and future unanticipated chances. Yet, the advantages of passing the test do not come effectively. The test covers ninety seven various decision questions and eight restorative situations signifying a four-hour thorough examination. Getting ready for an examination while endeavoring to adjust work or family requires much vitality just auxiliary visits, and do not have the right stuff. This is with regards to inpatient knowledge. Working environments that give hands on sketchily educating are the best choice for them planning to take their test. In any case, if this alternative is not accessible, they might need to step up and buy assets that contain test activities and work starting, moderate, and propelled works out, alongside contextual investigations, to create abilities. There are a few stages can take. This is to keep current through Coding Facilities and CPT Associates, and, at long last, test uneasiness. The overlying apprehension factor for all members was taking the examination with a code set areas included, as most shown they were going to the survey course so as to take the scrutiny before the exam will reflect cyphers. The time factor was a legitimate worry for some reasons. Finish the test inside 4 hours means that the takers studied beforehand. And one can inhale somewhat simpler before hitting the quiz room. Numerous people feel extremely skilled inpatient versions and responding to questions identified with inpatient-related ideas. Be that as it may, since this fundamental cipher just inpatient books, many do not have the information and experience identified with experiences. These coders will likewise need to work on coding the full range of visits. That is to effectively pass a non-coding segment of all the tests. Many were coding for quite a while, be that as it may, they were not presented to a large number of areas incorporated into the examination. Information Quality and Management for three percent of an entire test, Data and Correspondence Innovations for two percent, Security, Secrecy, Legitimate, or Moral Issues for three percent, and Consistency for 3 percent was the circuitous spaces. They are contained inside the CCS assessment. Points incorporate repayment philosophies, documentation standards and guidelines, disconnected information components for database respectability and cases handling, utilizing innovation to guarantee information gathering, investigation, stockpiling, announcing of data, and use inside HIM work forms. Protection and security concerns and exposure of individual wellbeing data until that cipher set. It is profitable to have coders through either inpatient or outpatient background to help with inclusion. Through a program, they need the chance to finish outpatient coding training modules, breeze through a test, and after that be elevated to Inpatient two, which additionally adjusts their expected set of responsibilities and builds their compensation. This would effortlessly exhibit an open door for them to pick up the hands-on training they have. Coders should cypher eight medicinal record cases, which incorporates inpatient and outpatient experiences. Indeed, even before a cipher set changes, numerous coders feel apprehensive about this segment. Since most programmers were not much presentation to coding, this was the region that could conceivably turn into the greatest hindrance once actualized. For elucidation, while there could be questions in regards to the various decision segments of the experiment, there were no activities.

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MPEG Audio FAQ

MPEG-2: coded transmission/storage of sampled sound waves

Overview of MPEG-2

What does MPEG-2 audio standardize (in comparison to MPEG-1)?

The first phase, MPEG-1, was dealing with mono and two-channel stereo sound coding, at sampling frequencies commonly used for high quality audio (48, 44.1 and 32 kHz).

The second phase, MPEG-2, contained three different work items:

The extension of MPEG-1 to lower sampling frequencies (16 kHz, 22.05 kHz and 24 kHz), providing better sound quality at very low bit rates (below 64 Kbit/s for a mono channel). This extension is easily added to a MPEG-1 audio decoder because it mainly implies inclusion of some more tables.

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The backward-compatible extension of MPEG-1 to multichannel sound. MPEG-2 BC supports up to 5 full bandwidth channels plus one low frequency enhancement channel (such an ensemble of channels is referred to as ‘5.1’). This multichannel extension is both forward and backward compatible with MPEG-1. An MPEG-2 BC stream adheres to the structure of an MPEG-1-bit stream such that an MPEG-2 BC stream can be read and interpreted by an MPEG-1 audio decoder.

a new coding scheme called “Advanced Audio Coding” (AAC). An AAC bit stream is not backward compatible, i.e. cannot be read and interpreted by an MPEG-1 audio decoder.

Both MPEG-1 and the first two work items of MPEG-2 have the three-layer structure. The original MPEG-2 audio standard contained only the first work items and was finalized in 1994. In order to improve coding efficiency for the 5-channel case, a non-backward-compatible audio coding scheme was defined (AAC) and finalized in 1997.

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What are the applications of MPEG-2 audio (in comparison to MPEG-1)?

The main application area of MPEG-2 is digital television. It produces the video quality needed in HDTV. MPEG-2 audio supports the same applications as MPEG-1 (see the question on typical applications of MPEG-1), extending the MPEG-1 audio capabilities to applications that require very low bitrates and to applications that require more than two channels (e.g. for professional sound or for multi-lingual channels).

MPEG-2 language and abbreviations

What do the abbreviations used within MPEG-2 audio stand for?

AAC = Advanced Audio Coding

BC = Backward Compatible

LFE = Low Frequency Extension

NBC = Non Backward Compatible

LC = Low Complexity profile

SSR = Scalable Sampling Rate profile

ADIF = Audio Data Interchange Format

ADTS = Audio Data Transport Stream

What is a profile in MPEG-2 AAC?

MPEG-2 AAC comes in 3 different “flavors”, called profiles, which are coder configurations with different complexity and performance. They are derived from each other by different parametrization of certain algorithmic parts of the AAC coder.

What is MPEG-2.5?

MPEG-2.5 is the name of an extension to MPEG-1/2 Layer III which is proprietary to the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (FhG IIS), Germany. It enables coding at even lower sampling frequencies (8 kHz, 11.025 kHz, and 12 kHz).

Technicalities of MPEG-2

What does the compatibility in MPEG-2 BC multichannel mean?

The core of the MPEG-2-bit stream is an MPEG-1-bit stream. This enables fully compatible decoding with an MPEG-1 decoder. In addition, the need to transfer two separate bit streams, called simulcast (one for two-channel stereo and another one for the multichannel audio programme) is avoided, at some cost in coding efficiency for the multichannel audio signal, compared to AAC which is a Non Backward Compatible (NBC) coding algorithm.

How will an MPEG-1 decoder get information from all channels when receiving an MPEG-2 BC audio bit stream?

An MPEG-1 decoder will be supplied with an appropriate two-channel down mix of all the channels in the multichannel ensemble, contained in the MPEG-1 core of the MPEG-2 bit stream. The left and right channel of the down mix together contain components of all the channels, according to the equations in the compatibility matrix.

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Do I have to use MPEG-1 audio with MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-2 Audio BC with MPEG-2 Video?

No, due to the compatibility, MPEG-2 BC audio can be used with MPEG-1 Video as well. The other way around, MPEG-1 Audio can be used with MPEG-2 Video without any restrictions. Any combinations of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC Audio and Video can be handled by the system as specified by the MPEG-Systems standard ISO/IEC 11172-1 for MPEG-1 and ISO/IEC 13818-3 for MPEG-2.

I heard that a Second Edition of MPEG-2 BC has been approved. What are the reasons behind this revision?

While implementing the MPEG-2 Audio standard, as published in 1995, it was discovered that a certain combination of functionalities could not function properly. Although this combination was not considered to be of great practical importance, it was felt necessary to correct the standard in this respect. Since this necessitated a revision of the document, the opportunity was then taken to improve the standard in some other fields as well.

The technical changes in the Second Edition compared to the first publication of ISO/IEC 13818-3 (1995) are:

In the first publication, certain combinations of dynamic crosstalk and prediction were not prohibited but not practically implementable. In the Second Edition, these combinations are explicitly prohibited.

In the first publication, a low-pass filter was to be applied to the monophonic surround signal in matrix mode 2 (analogue surround mode). This filter is omitted in the Second Edition, greatly simplifying the decoder and improving coding efficiency.

The description of the syntax of the LFE channel was ambiguous. This description has been clarified.

In addition to these technical changes, many editorial changes have been made, improving readability and clarity. Also, an amendment concerning copyright registration has been incorporated in the standard.

What are the impacts of the technical changes in the revision to the Technical Report and Conformance documents?

There are no impacts on the Conformance document. There is only a minor impact on the Technical Report: one possible embodiment of a low pass filter was implemented in the Technical Report. This filter has to be removed and the dematrix operations adapted. An amendment to the Technical Report was prepared.

What is MPEG-2 AAC?

The MPEG-2 AAC standard is a new, state of the art audio standard that provides very high audio quality at a rate of 64 kb/s/channel for multichannel operation. It provides a capability of up to 48 main audio channels, 16 low frequency effects channels, 16 overdub/multilingual channels, and 16 data streams. Up to 16 programs can be described, each consisting of any number of the audio and data elements. AAC adheres to the same basic coding paradigm as MPEG-1/2 Layer-3, but adds new coding tools and improves on details. Some of the improvements implemented by AAC are a filter bank with a higher frequency resolution, better entropy coding and better stereo coding. Two new coding tools are an optional backward prediction (used only in the Main Profile) and noise shaping in the time domain which mainly improves quality of encoded speech at low bit-rates. As a result, AAC is approximately 30% more-bit rate efficient than MPEG-1 Layer 3.

What profiles are standardized for MPEG-2 AAC?

There are three profiles for the AAC standard, called Main Profile, Low Complexity Profile, and Scalable Sampling Rate Profile. The Main profile is intended for use when processing power, and especially memory, are not at a premium. The Low Complexity profile is intended for use when cycles and memory use are constrained, and the SSR profile when a scalable decoder is required. The Main and LC profiles have been tested at 320 kb/s for 5-channel audio programmes, and both have demonstrated better quality than competing audio coding algorithms running at 640 kb/s for the 5-channel program.

I heard that a Corrigendum of MPEG-2 AAC has been approved. What are the reasons behind this revision and what are the the technical changes?

After issuing the basic MPEG-2 AAC standard in 1997, a so-called corrigendum was issued which addresses some minor glitches in the standards text without jeopardizing compatibility. The most important content of the corrigendum is the introduction of a transmission format for Dynamic Range Control (DRC) which allows the listener to adapt the dynamic range of the sound playback to the capabilities and restrictions of the reproduction system. Again, the transmission of the DRC data was defined in a way which is compatible with the original bit stream format.

Is the AAC transport format similar to MPEG-1?

Each layer in MPEG-1 standardizes its format for the bit stream containing the encoded sound data. All three have the same basic layout, consisting of a sequence of audio frames with a header and sound data. The frame rate is constant.

MPEG-2 AAC on the contrary leaves the choice of audio transport syntax to the application, standardizing only the format of the encoded audio data. In addition, two typical examples of transport syntax have also been standardized:

ADIF = Audio Data Interchange Format

The audio bit stream contains one single header with all information necessary to control the decoder such as the bitrate, the sampling frequency or the stereo mode. The main application of ADIF is exchange of audio files.

ADTS = Audio Data Transport Stream

The audio bit stream consists of a sequence of frames with headers similar to MPEG-1 audio frame headers. The encoded audio data of one frame is always contained between two sync words. The number of bits in a frame however can be variable.

Is stream splicing or “break-in” supported in MPEG-2 AAC?

When using ADIF as transport syntax for the MPEG-2 AAC stream, “break-in” – i.e. start of decoding at any bit position – is not possible because there is no sync word to synchronize with the beginning of the audio frames. When using ADTS as transport syntax, break-in is enabled. The complexity of break-in support depends on the profile.

In MPEG-2 AAC Low Complexity and MPEG-2 AAC SSR modes, the prediction tools are not used, so break-in support is the same as that for MPEG-1 audio. For MPEG-2 AAC Main Profile, when prediction is enabled, break-ins are more tricky, as break-ins can only occur when there is a predictor reset across all frequency bands. This only happens in case of “attacks” when the bit stream switches from long to short windows, so the easiest way to break in a Main Profile bit stream is to start with a short block. For long windows the predictors are reset in a frequency-cyclic way, which may require up to 240 frames before all predictors are reset. So if you break in with long windows, some distortions might appear in the first few frames. The encoder can be set-up to reset the predictors more frequently which reduces the required number of frames needed before all predictors are reset.

Implementing MPEG-2 audio software

Is there any reference software for MPEG-2 AAC?

Yes. There is reference software for both an AAC example encoder and reference decoder.

The decoder source is complete and fully compliant and is capable of decoding all three AAC profiles: Main, Low Complexity and scalable Sampling Rate. It is a general multi-channel decoder capable of decoding up to 48 audio channels, 15 auxiliary low frequency enhancement channels and 15 data streams. Furthermore, it is quite efficient in that the compiled reference source coder decodes a stereo bit stream in real-time on a 100 MHz Pentium.

The encoder software supports multi-channel encoding, implementing essentially all of the AAC coding tools. As usual, the encoder code is designed to demonstrate how to generate compliant AAC bit streams rather than achieving optimum audio quality.

Where can I find the MPEG-2 AAC encoder reference software sources?

There is no public MPEG-2 AAC encoder reference source from MPEG. When purchasing the standard, you will get access to the MPEG reference software source for encoder and decoder. However, the encoder will not be optimized for quality or speed. To get state-of-the-art encoder source, you need to contact one of the companies which works on AAC.

Market position

How many MPEG-2 AAC Audio encoders and decoders are already in the market-place?

Since many of the services based on MPEG-2 AAC are currently in their introductory phase into the market, numbers are changing constantly. Main areas of application are

Internet Audio

Audio for digital television and radio (both AM and FM radio successors)

Portable playback devices

A current estimation amounts to several million decoders (both software and hardware-based) and a lower number of encoders.

What are the chances of AAC replacing MP3?

MP3 is the current choice for near-CD quality digital audio. However, AAC is its designated successor as it is able to provide the same sound quality with a larger compression rate. In addition, it enables higher quality encoding and playback for high definition audio (at 96 kHz sampling rate). So AAC is the most promising candidate e.g. for new portable playback devices using solid state memory.

Relation to other standards / methods

Why should I use MPEG-2 AAC rather than Dolby AC-3?

AAC is a state-of-the-art audio compression algorithm that provides compression superior to that provided by older algorithms such as AC-3. AAC and AC-3 are both transform coders, but AAC uses a filter bank with a finer frequency resolution that enables superior signal compression. AAC also uses a number of new tools such as temporal noise shaping, backward adaptive linear prediction, joint stereo coding techniques and Huffman coding of quantized components, each of which provide additional audio compression capability. Furthermore, AAC is much more flexible than AC-3, in that AAC supports a wide range of sampling rates and bitrates, from one to 48 audio channels, up to 15 low frequency enhancement channels, Multilanguage capability and up to 15 embedded data streams.

When should I use AAC rather than MPEG-2 BC?

Both provide 5-channel audio coding capability, however AAC provides a factor of two better audio compression relative to MPEG-2 BC, and is appropriate in all situations in which backward compatibility is not required or can be accomplished with simulcast. An MPEG-1 two channel decoder can decode an MPEG-2 BC 5-channel bit stream. AAC has no such backward compatibility requirement and, for 5-channel audio signals, has been shown in MPEG formal listening tests to provide slightly better audio quality at 320 kb/s than MPEG-2 BC can provide at 640 kb/s.

I have heard about Lucent Technologies’ Perceptual Audio Coder (PAC). How does it compare to MPEG-2 AAC?

AAC and PAC are similar audio coding technologies. However, AAC has a number of new coding tools, such as Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS), that permits AAC to offer performance superior to that of PAC. This was shown in an independent and impartial test conducted by the Communications Research Centre (G. Soulodre, T. Grusec, M. Lavoie and L. Thibault, “Subjective Evaluation of State-of-the-Art 2-Channel Audio Codecs,” Journal of the Audio Engineering Soc., Mar., 1998, pp. 164-177). This test showed that when coding stereo signals, the quality of AAC at 96 kb/s was comparable to the quality of PAC at 128 kb/s and that AAC at 128 kb/s was significantly better than PAC at 160 kb/s.

There is another test, conducted by Moulton Laboratories, that claims to compare PAC and AAC. However, the system claimed to be AAC was not the same coding system tested by the Communications Research Centre, and did not use a state-of-the-art AAC encoder. Therefore, the results of this test do not indicate the actual performance of a commercial AAC system.

Established in 2000, the Soukacatv.com main products are modulators both in analog and digital ones, amplifier and combiner. We are the very first one in manufacturing the headend system in China. Our 16 in 1 and 24 in 1 now are the most popular products all over the world.

For more, please access to https://www.soukacatv.com.

CONTACT US

Company: Dingshengwei Electronics Co., Ltd

Address: Bldg A, the first industry park of Guanlong, Xili Town, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Tel: +86 0755 26909863

Fax: +86 0755 26984949

Mobile: 13410066011

Email: ken@soukacatv.com

Source: sound.media.mit.edu

                                  MPEG Audio FAQ: Overview of MPEG-2 and the applications of MPEG-2 audio | Soukacatv.com MPEG Audio FAQ MPEG-2: coded transmission/storage of sampled sound waves Overview of MPEG-2 What does MPEG-2 audio standardize (in comparison to MPEG-1)?